References

Books

Fiction

Tariq Ali, Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree, (Islam Quintet 1), London: Verso, 1993.

Antonio Gala, El Manuscrito Carmesi, Barcelona: Editorial Planeta 2023, 1990.

José Luis Gastón Morata, El perfume de bergamota, Granada: Almuzara, 2007 (2020, 5th edition).

Set in 1392, 100 hundred years before the fall of the Nasrid dynasty in Granada to the Reyes Católicos, the chief physician, Hamed, of the maristan is summoned in the night by the palace guards to the bedside of the Muslim monarch, Yousef II, who is dying from a poisoned tunic. Full of intrigue and historical facts, this book is worth reading to get insights into medieval Spain.

Noah Gordon, The Physician, Barcelona: Barcelona Editions, 2012.

Set in the 11^th century, this is the story of Rob Cole from London passing as a Jew called Jesse ben Benjamin as he travels to Persia (Iran) to study medicine and work with Avicenna (Ibn Sina) in the maristan of Isfahan.

“In Persia the Muslims have a hospital at Ispahan that is truly a healing center. It is in this hospital and in a small academy there that Avicenna makes his doctors.” (p.191)

“The maristan was a smaller, paler version of the great Azudi hospital in Baghdad. The presence of Iban Sina had to make up for a lack of institutional size and grandeur.” (p.550).

Amin Maalouf, Léon l’Africain, Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1986.

Leo Africanus, also known as Al-Hasn ibn Muhammed al-Wazzan, was an administrator at the maristan of Fez in Morocco. According to Andrew Scull, Leo was captured and taken to Rome in 1517, where “he reported that the mad at the hospital were bound with heavy chains and confined in rooms whose walls were reinforced with heavy wooden and iron beams.” (p.414). Here, the Lebanese writer, Amin Maalouf, recounts Leo Africanus’ time as administrator to the maristan.

Miguel Angel Ulecia Martinez, Asesio al Maristan Nazari, El complot del Cenidor. Granada: Editorial Nazari, 2020.

_________________________, El Maristan Nazari y sus hukama. Los Albencerrajes trucan su hikma. Granada: Editorial Nazari, 2021.

_________________________, El Espiritu del Maristan Nazari. La conspiracion de Bujada. Granada: Editorial Nazari, 2022.  

Travel

Ibn Battuta, Voyages et periples choisis, trans. Paule Charles-Dominique, Paris : Gallimard, 1992.

Ibn Yubayr, A través del Oriente (Rihla), trans. Felipe Maíllo Salgado, Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2007.

Marius Kociejowski, The Street Philosopher and the Holy Fool, A Syrian Journey, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2004.

Gérard de Nerval, Voyage en Orient, Paris: Gallimard, 1984, 1998.

Philosophy

Michel Foucault, Histoire de la folie à l’âge classique, Paris: Gallimard, 1972.

Discipline and Punish – The Birth of the Prison; New York: Vintage Books, 1995.

Naissance de la clinique. Paris: Presses Universitaries de France, 2000 (6^th edition), 1963.

Amir Mostafa, The Age of Madness, Thomas S. Szasz, (ed.), New York: Jason Aronson, 1973.

Architecture

Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Islamic Architecture in Cairo, An Introduction. Cairo: American University Press, 1989.   

Eric Broug, Islamic Design Workbook, London: Thames & Hudson, 2016.  

Eric Broug, Islamic Geometric Patterns. London: Thames & Hudson, 20xx.

K. A. C. Creswell, Muslim Architecture of Egypt, find rest..

History

Catharine Arnold, Bedlam, London and its Mad. London: Pocket Books, 2009.

Francoise Cloarec, Bimaristans, lieux de folie et de sagesse (La folie et ses traitements dans les hôpitaux médiévaux au Moyen-Orient), Paris : L’Harmattan, 1998.

Michael W. Dols, Majnun: The Madman in Medieval Islamic Society, Diana E. Immisch (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

Cyril Elgood, A Medical History of Persia, and the Eastern Caliphate, Amsterdam: Academic Publishers Associated Philo Press, (Cambridge University Press), 1951.

Ahmad Issa Bey, L’histoire des bimaristans a l’époque islamique, El Cairo: P. Barbey, 1928.

Amir Mostafa, The Age of Madness, Thomas S. Szasz, (ed.), New York: Jason Aronson, 1973.

Roy Porter, Madness, A Brief History. London: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Ahmed Ragab, The Medieval Islamic Hospital, Medicine, Religion, and Charity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

George Rosen, Madness in Society, Chapters in the Historical Sociology of Mental Illness, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Andrew Scull, Madness in Civilization – A Cultural History of Insanity, London: Thames & Hudson, 2015.

“Under Islamic rule, however, hospitals proliferated, with the first appearing in the late eighth century; and among the patients for whom they made systematic provisions were the insane. […] Thus by the twelfth century, no large Islamic town was without a hospital.” ‘Early Hospitals’ (pp. 65-67)

Historical book for the Exhibition in the Real Alcazar of Seville (May-Sep 2006) called Ibn Khaldun, The Mediterranean in the 14^th Century, Rise and Fall of the Empires, Co-published by Foundation Jose Manuel Lara and the Foundation El Legado Andalusi, 2006.

Adela Fabregas (ed), The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West. Leiden: Brill, 2021.  

“Like his father, Muḥammad V was responsible for impressive works not only in Granada – where he built the Maristan or hospital and the new alhóndiga of the Corral del Carbon –, but also inside the Alhambra, where he completed the Palace of Comares and built the new Mexuar and the Palace of the Lions. (p.54)

Seyma Afacan, From Traditionalism to Modernism: Mental Health in the Ottoman Empire. MA Thesis: Sabancı University, Spring 2010.

Hannah Osborn, A Comparison of Islamic and Christian Influences on Medicine in the Middle Ages. MA Thesis: Washington DC: Georgetown University, April 2017.

Patricia A. Baker, Han Nijdam, Karine van ’t Land (eds), Medicine and Space: Body, Surroundings and Borders in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

Consejeria de Cultura (ed), La Medicina en Al-Andalus. Granada: Junta de Andalucia,

Renaud, Henri-Paul-Joseph (1881-1945). État de nos connaissances sur la médecine ancienne au Maroc. Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale de France (BNF), 1922.